Quotations
Thought for Us
It doesn't matter how beautiful your theory is,
it doesn't matter how smart you are,
if it doesn't agree with experiment, its wrong.
R. P. Feynman
Quantum v. Statistical Mechanics
Phenomena
that occur at very high pressures - thousands or tens of thousands of
atmospheres - are often thought observed at atmospheric pressure in
nanotubes and nanopores. Most notable is the nitric oxide dimer reaction
2NO ↔ (NO)(NO) having a dimer yield of less than 1 % at atmospheric
pressure, but in nanopores or carbon nanotubes the yield is almost 100%
as confirmed by magnetic susceptibility measurements. Assuming the
dimers form under pressure, simple thermodynamic calculation shows that
yields near 100 % can only occur at pressures of about 14,000
atmospheres – even though the open ends of the confined spaces are
exposed to atmospheric pressure !!!
Nevertheless, MD and MC
simulations based on statistical mechanics confirm high pressure is the
mechanism of producing the enhanced dimer yields. MD stands for
Molecular Dynamics and MC for Monte-Carlo. But MD and MC simulations
based on statistical mechanics assume atoms in the confined phase have
classical kT thermal heat capacity. In contrast, QM by the Planck law
restricts the atom heat capacity depending on its EM confinement. QM
stands for quantum mechanics and EM for electromagnetic. Atoms in
nanopores of a few nanometers in diameter are therefore under high EM
confinement, and therefore have vanishing thermal kT heat capacity.
Hence, the pressure P also vanishes. What this means is high pressures
of 14,000 atmospheres, or the like, do not exist in nanopores and
enhanced nitric oxide dimer yield is caused by another mechanism.
Since
atoms under EM confinement lack heat capacity, the energy ΔU cannot be
conserved by the usual increase in temperature. Instead, conservation
proceeds by the creation of non-thermal QED induced EM waves standing
across the pore diameter. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics. The
QED radiation wavelength λ is, λ = 2 nd, where d is the pore diameter
and n the refractive index of the gases. In nanopores having diameters d
of a few nanometers, the QED radiation produced in the EUV and beyond
is more than sufficient to alter the chemistry of the gases by
photolysis. EUV stands for extreme ultraviolet. Hence, nitrogen oxide
dimer yield is proposed enhanced by photochemical mechanisms which may
readily be confirmed by EUV spectroscopy. See PressRelease
Over
the past decade, diverse chemical phenomena observed for confined
nanophases and interpreted by high pressures may be more credibly
explained by EUV photochemistry as illustrated for a carbon nanotube in
the above figure and briefly summarized as follows.
1. High
Pressure Phases Liquid-solid transitions between atomically-smooth mica
surfaces at temperatures well above normal melting points of cyclohexane
and n-dodecane may be explained by bond disruption under EUV radiation
2.
Interlayer Atomic Spacing Experimental small-angle X-ray scattering
studies that show significant effects of the adsorption of a confined
nanophase on the pore width are characteristic of computer chip etching
in EUV lithography.
3. Melting of Water In confined water, the
conflict between the energetic minimization of the hydrogen bond network
and pore geometry is resolved as the hydrogen bonds are broken by EUV
radiation.
In summary,
QM and not statistical mechanics governs our understanding of chemistry in confined nanophases.
QM
denies atoms heat capacity in the nanophase. Energy conservation
proceeds by creating QED radiation in the EUV and beyond that by
photolysis alters the chemistry of the contained gases and nanophase
surfaces.
Although dissociation of chemical bonds of gases is
spontaneous in the nanophase, recombination is also prompt. In the
nanophase, gases constantly fluctuate between ionization and
de-ionization.
IIDC - 2015
Under the umbrella of Abdus Salam Research Forum, the International Conference on Infectious Diseases will encompass important aspects of infectious diseases with particular attention being paid to the major challenges of the region including zoonotic diseases, malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever and diarrhea. In addition the increasing threat of HAI acquired in hospitals and healthcare facilities will be discussed at this meeting. HAI stands for hospital acquired infections. Although hand washing is promoted by the CDC and WHO as the cure-all for HAI protection, HAI have not been significantly reduced after many years of practice. This is so, because it is impossible for health workers to constantly wash their hands. No amount of training of health care workers can overcome the fact that hand washing simply is not practical. To illustrate the virtual impossibility of disinfecting HAI by hand washing, see the ICPIC video clip on Handwashing which is available directly from the www.
In the manner of IIDC 2015, QED radiation in the UVC from ZnO nano particles embedded in disposable nitrile gloves to disinfect HAI offers an alternative to frequent hand washing. Finding basis in quantum mechanics, the UVC is produced from body heat in the fingers - no electricity is needed. Although promising, much research is required before QED induced UVC from disposable gloves becomes a viable alternative to hand washing. See Abstract and Presentation , the latter PPT requires the installation of Quick Time on your computer - you can download free from the www.
The IIDC made Audio/Visual copies of my presentation, but the A/V file at 1.6 Gb is too large to show on-line. However, a the audio file Audio was extracted and with manual adjustment to the PPT of the Presentation provides a reasonable alternative for viewing and listiening.
The 2nd Annual International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology -2015 (ICNSNT-2015) will be held during 2-4 September in Colombo, Sri Lanka under the theme;
ICNSNT 2015 encourages the exchange of ideas between chemists, physicists, material scientists, biomedical researchers, engineers and other researchers who are active at the frontiers of this diverse and multidisciplinary field. Coverage extends from basic research in physics, chemistry and biology, including computational work and simulations, through to the development of new devices and technologies for applications in a wide range of industrial sectors (including information technology, medicine, manufacturing, high-performance materials, and energy and environmental technologies).
To highlight the relation between nanotechnology and applications directly related to the common person, the QED disinfection of drinking water in hand-held bowls is presented. Only body heat is used to produce UV-C radiation that disinfects water borne pathogens. No electricity needed. The UV-C radiation used in disinfection is based on quantum mechanics and cannot be understood with classical physics. See updated Presentation and audio MP3 file including actual discussions. Manual synchronization is required.
However, for the analytically minded, the validity of Molecular Dynamics in computational science is presented. Computational science intends to simulate what happens by quantum mechanics at the nanoscale, but has long since been nothing more than classical physics of the macroscopic world scale down to nanoscale dimensions. See updated Presentation and audio MP3 file including actual discussions. Manual synchronization is required.
The Fourth Mode of Heat Transfer?
Paper and Presentation
An audio MP3 file is available of the presentation including the discussion with attendees. However, the PPT must be synchronized manually with the audio.
QED Induced EUV Lithography
The 2015 EUV and Soft X-ray workshop focuses on the latest technical developments related to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray sources. Papers on the generation of photons in this wavelength region using laser produced plasma (LPP), discharge produced plasma (DPP), EUV lasers, free electron lasers (FEL),synchrotrons and innovative concepts are invited. Papers describing applications of these sources in EUV lithography for scanner and metrology applications, microscopy, and analytical instrumentation, and for supporting scientific research in material and biological sciences are solicited. Theoretical as well as experimental approaches will be accepted.This workshop will provide a forum for researchers in the EUV and soft X-ray areas to present their work and discuss a wide range ofpotential applications of these sources. Both researchers and endusers of EUV and soft X-ray sources will find this workshop valuable. See abstract on QED Lithography
HTFF Presentations
1. Nanofluids suppress natural convection
2.Flow of Fluids and Solids at the Nanoscale
3. Shock Wave Thickness by QED
Brownian diffusion based on macroscopic particles moving in horizontal tubes follows classical physics. However, NPs < 100 nm are nanoscopic - not macroscopic. Therefore, QM – not classical physics - governs whether NPs can carry heat and neutralize thermal gradients. QM stands for quantum mechanics. Contrarily, QM given by the Planck law precludes NPs from carrying heat because the high EM confinement of the atoms causes their heat capacity to vanish. What this means is Brownian motion of NPs to carry heat and neutralize thermal gradients cannot be the mechanism of suppressing natural convection.
In the alternative, NPs are proposed to suppress natural convection by emitting non-thermal QED induced EM radiation that passes through thermal gradient and upon absorption in tube walls enhances heat transfer, i.e., natural convection is indeed suppressed, but heat transfer is enhanced. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics. QED is a consequence of QM that denies atoms the heat capacity to conserve absorbed thermal energy from the nanofluid by an increase in temperature. Instead, the thermal energy absorbed by the NP is conserved by the emission of QED radiation.
QED produces a steady source of non-thermal EM radiation in NPs from the thermal surroundings, the EM radiation produced from the UV to the VIS depending on the NP material and diameter. UV stands for ultraviolet and VIS for visible. In the above figure, QED radiation is shown emitted from a NP at the center of the heater, although NPs in the tube removed from the heater are also emitting QED radiation, albeit at lower intensity. Of note, the experiment shows the wall temperature Tw near the exit to approach that at the heater which is difficult to explain as without NPs this does not happen. The QED explanation is that water transparent in the UV and VIS allows the QED radiation to pass down the tube to increase Tw upon being absorbed in the wall at the exit.
In the nanofluid, the thermal energy absorbed by NPs is confined almost totally to their surface because NPs have high surface to volume ratios. Therefore, NP atoms are placed under high, but temporary EM confinement. There is no physical EM confinement - the thermal energy traps itself to the NP surface. Since the temperature cannot increase by QM, QED conserves the trapped thermal energy by creating EM radiation having half-wavelength λ/2 that stands across the NP diameter d, i.e., λ/2 = d. Upon expending the trapped thermal energy in the NP surface to create the standing QED radiation, the EM confinement vanishes allowing the QED radiation to escape the NP. The QED radiation has frequency ν = (c/n)/λ = c/2nd, where c is the velocity of light and n the refractive index of the NP. See PressRelease
In summary,
Nanofluid enhancement of water depends on the NP material and size that has led to much confusion about the advantages, if any, of nanofluids over water alone. By NPs emitting QED radiation, nanofluids may be understood by the optical absorption properties of liquid water. NPs having, say n = 2 and d < 50 nm emit QED radiation at λ < 200 nm which is in the far UV and readily absorbed in water, and therefore should not show heat transfer enhancement. But for 100 > d > 50 nm, the QED radiation is in the UV and VIS that ealily penetrates water and should show enhancement. NPs having d > 100 nm produce QED radiation in the IR that is absorbed in water and should not show any heat transfer enahncement.
However, aggregation complicates the QED explanation as increases in the size of the NPs can make NPs < 50 nm show heat transfer enhancement that otherwise would not be expected. Nevertheless, QED is the only nanofluid mechanism known today that relate NP size to enhanced or, as it may be, conventional heat flow limited by natural convection.
2. Flow of Fluids and Solids at the Nanoscale
Flow of fluids in nanochannels simulated by MD follows classical physics, but does not agree with experiments. MD stands for molecular dynamics. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation cannot explain the dramatic increase in flow found in nanochannels. Even if slip is assumed at the wall, the calculated slip-lengths necessary to explain the flow enhancement exceed the typical slip on non-wetting surfaces by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. See Topical Problems in Fluid Mechanics above.
In solids, classical physics underlying kMC cannot explain how solid crystals in a nanotube under the influence of an electric current flow through a constriction that is smaller than the crystal itself as shown above. kMC stands for kinetic Monte Carlo. At the nanoscale the fluid or solid atoms are placed under EM confinement by that by QM requires their heat capacity to vanish thereby precluding the conservation of the heat of viscous frictional heat by the usual increase in temperature. EM stands for electromagnetic and QM for quantum mechanics. Hence, both MD and kMC based in classical physics that assume the atoms have heat capacity require modification for application at the nanoscale. Conservation of the heat at the nanoscale proceeds by QED inducing creation of EM radiation that ionizes the atoms to cause separation under Coulomb charge repulsion. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics.
MD
simulations of liquid argon flow in a nanochannel using a discrete 2D
model show the viscosity to vanish suggests the flow is upper bound by
the frictionless Bernoulli equation, the simplified extension of which
to the flow of a solid crystal through a nanotube suggests the solid,
like the fluid moves as a loosely bound collection of charged atoms.
See Paper and Presentation
3. Shock Wave Thickness by QED
Since the 1940 s, physicists and chemists have been captivated by how shock waves can heat gases to several thousands of degrees in the time scale of a few molecular collisions with the thermal transfer of energy in the temperature range 1000 to 10,000 K. Indeed, shock waves have been long thought to be a convenient experimental method to study the response of gas molecules at high temperatures. However, the high temperatures could not be directly confirmed by measurement because sensors cannot be placed inside the infinitesimally thin shock thickness. Instead, gas temperatures were inferred from spectroscopic analysis of the frequency of EM radiation emitted from specific molecules assuming the molecules are in fact thermally excited. EM stands for electromagnetic.
Generally, shock wave temperatures are calculated assuming the ideal gas law of classical physics. Indeed, the derivation of the shock temperatures are routinely performed by university students. For ideal diatomic gases initially at ambient temperature To = 300 K having specific heat ratio γ = 7/5, the shock wave temperature T at Mach 10 is about 6500 K, although monatomic gases produce temperatures near 10,000 K.
Closely related to shock temperatures is the shock thickness. Again, based on classical physics the shock thickness depends on the viscosity of the gases, the calculation of which is illustrated from Aerorocket. For air as a diatomic gas having viscosity µ = 1.6.6x10-6 m2/s, the corresponding shock wave thickness for diatomic gases at Mach 10 is about 6 nm.
However, calculations of nanoscale shock thicknesses require QM and not classical physics. QM stands for quantum mechanics. The QM physics is illustrated in the above figure. Of importance, QM precludes the atoms in the shock thickness from having the heat capacity to conserve the work of compressing the gases by an increase in temperature. Moreover, the work of gas compression is confined almost totally in the surfaces of the nanoscale shock wave thickness because of its high surface to volume ratio. For shock thickness d, the surface energy places the atoms between the surfaces under temporary EM confinement. Since the shock thickness temperature cannot increase by QM, QED conserves the surface energy by creating standing EM waves having half-wavelength λ/2 = d within the shock thickness. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics. Hence, the QED induced standing wave behaves as if it were EM radiation from an external source absorbed in the shock thickness. Because of the nano dimensions of the shock thickness, the QED radiation wavelengths λ have sufficient Planck energy E = hν to exceed the ionization potential of atoms and molecules in the shock thickness, where h is Planck’s constant and ν is frequency. Here, ν = (c/n)/ λ = c/2nd, where c is the velocity of light and n the refractive index of the compressed gases. The QED radiation excites the compressed gases, the spectra of which including the QED radiation are emitted to the surroundings. Al this occurs without high temperatures, and therefore the inferred temperature from gas spectra are meaningless.See PressRelease
In summary,
Classical physics as the traditional method for estimating shock wave temperature is not valid to derive nanoscale shock wave thicknesses. QM governs the nanoscale – not classical physics.
QM suggests high shock wave temperatures do not exist as the compressed atoms in nanoscale shock thicknesses lack the heat capacity to conserve the work of gas compression by an increase in temperature.
Shock wave spectra are not thermally excited, but rather excited by non-thermal QED induced UV and EUV radiation. Inferring gas temperatures from the spectra of specific molecules therefore is simply not valid. Claims that gas temperatures may be accurately inferred from spectroscopic measurements are highly questionable.
QED conserves the work of gas compression by inducing the emission of non-thermal EM radiation. Typically, the QED radiation emitted in the UV and EUV is sufficient to exceed the ionization potential of any shock gas. By measuring the wavelength of emitted QED radiation, the thickness of the shock wave to may be estimated as half of the QED wavelength.
Flow through nanochannels of CNTs is observed to be 2-5 orders of
magnitude higher than predicted by the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. CNT
stands for carbon nanotube. However, the disparity with experiment
cannot be explained by slip at the wall. In this regard, MD
simulations of liquid argon valid by QM show flow enhancement to
occur because the viscosity vanishes in nanochannels. QM stands for
quantum mechanics. See Press Release and Paper
Vanishing viscosity occurs because QED conserves the viscous heat in the nanochannel by creating EM radiation that ionizes the fluid molecules to produces a flow of charged atoms as depicted in the above figure. The charged atoms.under Coulomb repulsion separate more than usual to give a vanishing viscosity. QED induced charged flow in nanochannels should therefore approach rhe frictionless flow given by the Bernoulli equation.
The Bernoulli equation for the mass flow through nanochannels
follows from the QED energy equation that excludes temperature
changes as required by QM. Indeed, the Bernoulli equation provides a
reasonable QM approximation to the flow in nanochannels that avoids
the complexity of MD solutions. With the exception of water, the
measured flow is close to but less than that predicted by the
Bernoulli equation. See data in Paper on "The end of nanochannels"
The frictionless Bernoulli equation is far simpler than performing
MD simulations, even if one sets aside the fact that standard MD
programs give meaningless results because of their QM invalidity.
However, if MD programs are corrected for QM, valid MD solutions for
nanochannel flow may be obtained but still the MD cannot be justified
compared to the utter simplicity of the Bernoulli equation. See PPT presentation and Press
Release
However, MALDI research in 2006 shifted from Tanaka’s simple NP matrix to complex organics. Then as now, the problem is to explain MALDI ionization of analytes having IPs > 8 eV with nitrogen UV lasers having single photon energy of only 3.68 eV. IP stands for ionization potential. Since multi 2 photon and even 3 photon processes necessary to reach 8 eV ionization levels are highly unlikely, there is yet no rational mechanism known to explain how analytes ionize in MALDI.
In this arrangement, analytes are proposed to ionize in MALDI as NP matrices absorb the nitrogen laser energy and emit non-thermal QED induced EM radiation at EUV levels. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics, EM for electromagnetic, and EUV for extreme ultraviolet. QED is a consequence of QM that denies atoms in NPs the heat capacity to conserve absorbed EM energy by an increase in temperature. QM stands for quantum mechanics. Instead, the absorbed laser energy is conserved by QED producing EM radiation at the frequency of standing waves that span NP diameter.
In NP assisted MALDI, the absorbed UV laser energy is almost totally confined in the NP surfaces because of their high surface to volume ratios. Upon absorbing nitrogen laser energy, NP atoms are spontaneously placed under temporary, but high EM confinement. Since the temperature cannot increase by QM, QED converts the surface energy into standing EM waves having half-wavelength λ/2 equal to the NP diameter. Because the NP diameter is of nanometer dimensions, the QED radiation wavelength λ has Planck energy E = hν in the EUV to exceed the ionization potential of the analytes, where h is Planck’s constant and ν is frequency. Here, ν = (c/n)/ λ with λ = 2d, where c is the velocity of light, with n and d being the refractive index and diameter of the NPs.
In applying QED radiation theory to Tanaka’s NPs, the refractive index n of cobalt in the UV is, n = 1.5. Hence, the QED radiation produced from d = 30 nm NPs has wavelength λ = 90 nm and Planck energy E = 13.8 eV thereby exceeding analyte IPs > 8 eV. Today, MALDI is performed with a wide range of NP materials and diameters suggesting NP matrices are producing QED radiation at EUV levels thereby explaining how analytes are routinely ionized in NPs with nitrogen lasers. See Press Release
In conclusion,
QED induced EM radiation of 13.8 eV from 30 nm cobalt NPs ionized the analytes in Tanaka’s MALDI experiment, although with smaller NPs, QED produces EUV radiation by simply irradiating the NP matrix with a nitrogen laser. There is no need in MALDI for mass spectrometry based on organic matrices.
QED Induced UV Radiation to Supersede LED's ?
Today, LED UV lamps are thought to hold the future in disinfection. LEDs stand for light emitting diodes. LED lamps run coolder than the traditional metal halide lamps as shown held in the fingers of a hand. Regardless, LED's still require a source of electrical power. LED lamps in the UV-A do have a high EQE, but in the UV-C are limited to EQE of a few percent. EQE stands for external quantum efficiency. Since UV-C is requred for disinfection of water pathogens and the Ebola virus, LED's are not expected to impact the disinfection market until 2017/2018. In contrast, the QED drinking bowl has 100% efficiency, but is limited by low body heat.
However, the QED induced light may also compete wtih LED's operating int the VIS. Indeed, batteries may not be necessary to drive the LEDs as shown in a hand-held flashlight recently built based on Peltier cells. A comparison between QED and LEDs is given in PresentationQED Disinfection of Future
In 2006, handrails in Hong Kong trains were disinfected by applying a spray of NSTDC to public surfaces to avoid the transmission of infectious viruses. NSTDC stands for nano silver-titanium dioxide coating. All escalator handrails, the buttons on ticket issuing machines and all handrails and buttons in elevators including grab poles in train cars and buses were coated. More recently in 2010, an anti-microbial coating was developed that is thought to set a new standard in the disinfection of infectious viruses. Transparent, colorless and odorless, this smart coating can sustain surface disinfection by simply spraying on public surfaces. Compared with conventional disinfecting coatings, the smart coating is effective for at least 30 days. Test results show the smart coating can kill 99.9% of bacteria within 1 minute and 99% of the H1N1 virus within 3 minutes. The effectiveness of the smart coating is significantly longer than with conventional disinfectants, many of which will lose their function as they evaporate. On the other hand, laboratory tests showed smart coatings are indeed capable of long-term disinfection with 100% effectiveness even after 30 days. The smart coating is not permanent and can be removed by washing off with detergent-in-water solution.
However, spray coatings of handrails and grab poles offer only a temporary solution. Future public transport systems may require redesigning the grab poles and handrails with permanent coatings. Moreover, the sprayed coatings containing colloidal silver are claimed non-toxic, but nano-silver that comes off and enters the body damages the DNA and can cause cancer. Alternative handrail and grab pole designs using permanent nano-coatings emitting UV-C radiation are suggested.
With regard to hand poles, QED induced EM radiation emitted from the surface is produced from electrical heaters provided inside the poles is proposed to provide a steady source of UV-C from which ALL infectious viruses may be disinfected. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics, EM for electromagnetic, and UV-C for ultraviolet radiation at 254 nm. During fabrication, the grab poles would be provided with a permanent 50-60 nm ZnO coating that can be periodically cleaned to minimize pathogen residue. The UV-C from a typical grab pole arrangement is illustrated below, but the electrical heaters inside the poles are not shown.
On the other hand, QED disinfection of hand rails on escalators as shown above does not require electrical heaters as frictional heating of running the hand rail is sufficient to produce the UV-C. Application of nano coating of zinc oxide or titanium dioxide on the handrail surface is required for QED to continuously create the UV-C to disinfect the handrail. The UV-C is depicted to be emitted from the hand rail shown in the above figure of an escalator.
In summary, hand rails and poles in future public transit train cars and buses disinfect infectious viruses as the heat supplied or generated internally is transferred to the surface of zinc oxide or titanium dioxide nano coatings. Because of quantum mechanics, the supplied heat cannot increase the temperature of the nano coating as its heat capacity vanishes under TIR confinement. TIR stands for total internal reflection. Instead, the heat is conserved by QED inducing its conversion to EM radiation. The TIR confinement only occurs as the heat flows into the nano-coating. The TIR wavelength λ of the EM radiation is, λ = 2 n d, where, n and d are the refractive index and thickness of the coating. But TIR requires the coating have a refractive index > the surroundings which is satisfied for zinc oxide having n = 2.4 on steel poles having n = 1.5. Hence, QED induces the creation of EM radiation in the UV-C at 254 nm in a coating having thickness d = 53 nm. See PressRelease and Paper
Disinfectionof Smartphones
Smartphones
are commonplace all over the world. Unfortunately, the touchscreens
provide a natural way to transmit infectious viruses acquired in
touching public surfaces . Similarly, computers in public libraries
allow viruses to be transmitted between people through the fingers. In
Hong Kong, computer keyboards in public libraries are disinfected 4
times a day because of the long standing fear of the SARS and H1N1
viruses as shown below.
However, if only you use your Smartphone, you're probably pretty safe from the spread of viruses from others. But as soon as you touch public surfaces such as hand rails and poles in Public Transportation trains and buses, viruses start accumulating on your phone’s touch screen that can make you ill. Periodic cleaning would remove the pathogens, but can damage your phone. But bacteria like clostridium difficile (which can cause diarrhea or even inflammation of the colon) and flu viruses may require a sterilizing agent like bleach or alcohol, but this is not done for fear of damaging the touch screen.
Recently, disinfecting Smartphones with soap or bleach is claimed to br replaced avoid erseded by the PhoneSoap Charger using UV-C lamps. The phone is placed in a compartment (153 mm x 95 mm x 20 mm) for about 4 minutes. Heat, liquids, and chemicals that can damage the phone are not used. Of note, UV-C lamps and not LEDs are used in the PhoneSoap Charger.
Currently, LED’s in the UV-C are limited to EQE of a few percent [4] and not expected to impact the disinfection market until 2017/2018. EQE stands for external quantum efficiency. LEDs are used to produce UV-A and –B, but the disinfection capability is reduced compared to UV-.C. Longer exposure times are required to reach the dosage necessary for disinfection.
QED induced EM radiation emitted from the touch screen of Smartphones from body heat or that dissipated by the electronics itself is proposed to provide the UV-C from which infectious viruses may promptly be disinfected. Instead of the 4 minutes required for PhoneSoap Charger disinfection, QED disinfection only takes a few seconds. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics, EM for electromagnetic, and UV-C for ultraviolet radiation at 254 nm. Phone touch screens would be provided with a permanent 50-60 nm ZnO coating that can be periodically cleaned to minimize pathogen residue. The UV-C from typical Smartphones provided with a nano-coated touch screen is depicted in the above figure.
The ZnO nano-coated touchscreen is
similar to the recently proposed QED induced disinfection of viruses
from handrails and grab poles in Public Transportation train cars and
buses in Hong Kong.
QED induced Smartphone disinfection
produces UV-C as the body heat of the hand holding the underside of the
phone including the Joule heat dissipated in the phone electronics is
transferred to the nano-coated ZnO touchscreen. Because of QM, the body
and electronic heat cannot increase the temperature of the coating as
its heat capacity vanishes under TIR confinement. QM stands for quantum
mechanics and TIR for total internal reflection. Instead, the heat is
conserved by QED inducing its conversion to EM radiation which can be
tuned to the UV-C by proper selection of the coating thickness. See PressRelease and Paper
In conclusion, QED induced UV-C radiation from body and electronics heat offers the advantage of continuous disinfection of diseases from being transmitted by touchscreens of Smartphones. No additional heat is necessary.
The much publicized superiority of LEDs in the UV-A and B over conventional lamps is not yet proven for UV-C disinfection. Even if UV-C LEDs are developed, QED induced UV-C disinfection is far simpler as a ZnO nano-coating positioned near the pathogen only needs to be driven by body heat and at most small mW electrical heaters.
In
Public Transportation train cars and buses, Smartphones are used by
almost all passengers all the time. What this means is passengers
themselves may use QED induced UV-C from their Smartphones to disinfect
viruses they acquire upon touching hand rails and poles, as they must to
avoid falling during sudden train and bus motions.
Currently, WHO/UNICEF estimates almost 1 billion people in the developing world do not have access to safe drinking water. Moreover, about 2 million childhood deaths have been attributed to water-borne diseases. Conventional water treatment is unfeasible because of costs. Lacking municipal water supplies, the water is collected from rivers or lakes and stored in containers for later use which may also be contaminated. The most direct way of purification is by boiling small quantities of water, but this requires a source of heat which, except for fire, is usually not available. Because it is not always convenient to build a fire, it is highly desirable to consider alternative low-cost methods for purifying water.
Unfortunately, there are no known low-cost alternatives to purifying water other than by boiling. However boiling has disadvantages because a source of heat is needed. One could envision focusing sunlight to boil small volumes of drinking water, but the purified water would only be available during daylight hours. If, however, portable electrical power is available, the water could be pumped through ceramic or resin filters coated with silver NPs. NP stands for nanoparticle. Silver NPs are widely known to provide antimicrobial action by damaging the DNA of bacteria, but NPs that come off the filter and enter drinking water also damage human DNA, that if not repaired, may lead to cancer. Regardless, NP coated filters are unfeasible because electrical pumping power is usually not available. In contrast, UV disinfection of drinking water occurs outside the body and avoids the danger of cancer posed by silver NPs, but is unfeasible as electrical power is generally not available and costly even if available.
The developing world needs an inexpensive way of purifying drinking water.
QED induced UV radiation using nano-coated drinking bowls is proposed as the mechanism by which drinking water is purified inexpensively without electrical power. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics. QED induced purification is a consequence of QM that forbids the atoms in nano-coatings under TIR confinement to have the heat capacity to increase in temperature. QM stands for quantum mechanics and TIR for total internal reflection.
Disinfection occurs as the body heat from the hands of the person holding the drinking bowl is transferred to the coating as shown in the above figure. Because of QM, the body heat cannot increase the temperature of the coating as its heat capacity vanishes under TIR. Instead, the heat is conserved by QED inducing the heat to be converted to EM radiation. EM stands for electromagnetic. The TIR confinement only occurs as heat flows into the coating, i.e., absent body heat there is no TIR confinement and UV radiation. The TIR wavelength λ of the EM radiation is,
λ = 2 n d
where, n and d are the refractive index and thickness of the coating. Since the optimum UV wavelength range to destroy bacteria is between 250 and 270 nm, a zinc oxide coating having n = 2 requires the coating thickness d = 65 nm. Since human body heat is about 6 mW / cm2, and since UV water disinfection requires an intensity of 16 - 38 mJ / cm2, the drinking bowl disnifects water in 3 to 6 seconds. See Press Release. , Paper and Presentation
On November 6, the IUVA held a one-day symposium on the UV disinfection of water in the developing world at UNESCO-IHE in Delph, Netherlands. See Advertisement New developments in UV sterilization of water proposed LED sources as a replacement for mercury discharge. However, the water bowl UV disnfection of water is far more efficient than LEDs as no electrical power is required. Funding of water bowl research was discussed with attendees.N-V Thermometry in LIving Cells
Unlike the bulk mm-scale diamond, QM denies the atoms in NDs the heat capacity to allow temperature changes to occur thereby refuting the claim that ND temperature can be measured from thermal strains in mm-scale diamond samples. QM stands for quantum mechanics. Thermal strains in NDs are therefore not the same as in the mm-scale crystals making the HD thermometry of living cells highly questionable.
QED induced EM radiation is proposed as the mechanism by which the local thermal energy of the living cell is conserved in NDs without temperature changes. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics and EM for electromagnetic. QED induced radiation is a consequence of QM that denies the atoms in NDs under TIR confinement to have the heat capacity to allow changes in temperature. TIR stands for total internal reflection.
Indeed, classical heat transfer of NDs shows uniform temperatures throughout that almost spontaneously follow the local cell temperature. QM differs. Since the ND temperatures cannot change by QM, the local thermal energy acquired from the cell may only be conserved by QED creating EM radiation in the ND having Planck energy E = hf, where h and f are Plancks constant and the TIR frequency of the ND. Since NDs have high surface to volume ratios, almost all of the local thermal cell energy acquired by the ND directly excites its TIR mode. In effect, TIR confines the acquired cell energy to the ND surface having a wavelength given by its circumference.
But how then may the ND infer local temperature in the living cell?
By QM, local cell temperatures are inferred by N-V spin-flips from thermal strains induced in the ND as only the temperature of the surface changes. Atoms in the interior of the ND do not increase in temperature, but the surface atoms do indeed follow the cell temperature. Unlike uniform thermal expansion predicted by classical physics, expansion of the ND surface strains the interior N-V centers. Diamond noted for sensitivity to strain is therefore correlated by QM to the local cell temperature, the correlation of which cannot be deduced from the uniform ND temperatures predicted by classical physics.See PressRelease .
The Conclusions are;
Classical physics by assuming the atoms in NDs have heat capacity predicts uniform ND temperatures equal to the local cell temperature cannot induce the thermal strain at interior N-V centers required by QM, and
QM by negating the heat capacity of the atoms in NDs precludes temperatures within the ND from following local cell temperature. But QM by confining temperature changes to the ND surface induces strain at interior N-V centers to allow correlation of optical transitions with local cell temperature, and
The ND measurement of temperatures in living cells based on the spin-flip optical transitions n mm-scale diamond crystals is questionable, and
Although QM allows NDs to measure cell temperatures, the toxicity of the EM radiation at UV frequencies emitted from the NDs is likely to damage DNA within the cell and should be considered in cell temperature measurements.
Holy Grail of Catalysis
Since the 1980's, the oxidative catalysis of natural gas or methane to ethylene, aromatics, and hydrogen including propylene, benzene, toluene, and naphthalene has required oxygen at high temperatures > 1073 K. Beyond the low 50% carbon utilization efficiency, oxygen leads to the over oxidation product of CO2 which is not environmentally friendly. Today, many catalysts to avoid the oxidative conversion of natural gas have been proposed, but none are yet economically available.
Indeed, catalysts have long been considered the Holy Grail of chemistry. In the conversion of methane gas to ethylene, the Holy Grail is a catalyst that can activate the first C–H bond of methane without oxidation. But it is very challenging, if not impossible for any catalyst as 4.35 eV is required to cleave the C-H bond while methyl radicals at 9.84 eV only form at the 12.6 eV ionization potential of methane.
Recently, Science contrary to the requirement of 12.6 eV ionization potential reported the direct nonoxidative conversion of methane at the relatively high efficiency of 50% at 1363 K. The catalytic mechanism thought to explain the remarkable methane conversion efficiency without the formation of CO2 was based on passing the methane over a surface comprising single iron sites embedded in a silica matrix, the iron sites being 2-5 nm nanoparticles. Nanoconfinement of the iron sites in the silica surface was thought to initiate the catalytic generation of methyl radicals, followed by a series of gas-phase reactions.
Experimentally, the methyl radicals including the aforementioned methane reaction products were clearly observed with ultraviolet spectroscopy, Ibid. Theoretical support of the series of gas-phase reactions at 1225 K was simulated with DFT by assuming the nanoconfinement mechanism somehow formed a pair of methyl radicals at 9.84 eV. DFT stands for density functional theory. The DFT simulation showed the methyl radical pair to combine in a strongly exothermic process to produce ethylene, but otherwise leads to all of the methane reaction products.
The problem is the DFT simulation may explain how methyl radicals once formed combine to produce the methane reaction products, but does not explain how the nanoconfnement mechanism of iron sites in the silica surface produces the 9.84 eV necessary to form the methyl radicals. A catalytic mechanism capable of ionizing the methane molecule at 12.6 eV is required.
QED induced radiation is proposed as the catalytic mechanism capable of ionizing the methane molecule. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics. Finding basis in the QM requirement that the heat capacity of the atoms in the iron sites vanishes at the nanoscale, heat absorbed by the iron site from the silica matrix cannot be conserved by an increase in temperature. QM stands for quantum mechanics. Instead, conservation proceeds by the QED induced frequency up-conversion of the absorbed heat by the iron site to non-thermal EM radiation at its TIR confinement frequency. EM stands for electromagnetic and TIR for total internal reflection. QED induced catalysis by nanoparticles is not new. See ChinaCatalysis Indeed, the EM radiation having Planck energy beyond the UV is sufficient to ionize methane molecules that come near the iron site. See numerous QED applications on this web page.
However, the QED induced catalytic conversion of methane by iron sites in a silica matrix may be significantly enhanced by flowing the methane through a cylindrical reactor provided with a removable liner comprising a nanoscale iron coating on a silica substrate, the substrate having a thickness of a few 10s of microns as shown the thumbnail. The liner may be formed by rolling-up a flat geometry where it is more convenient to control the nano coating thickness. A surface heater supplies the heat Q to the nanoscale iron coating, but by QM the nano coating cannot increase in temperature. In are:stead, QED induces the heat to be converted to EM radiation that ionizes the methane to produce the methyl radicals that initiate the formation of ethylene. See PressRelease .
Conclusions are:
1. The catalytic nature of nanoparticles by QED induced radiation is not new. The QM restriction of vanishing heat capacity of atoms in nanoparticles requires the conservation of any form of absorbed EM energy by the emission of QED radiation that enhances chemical reactions. .
2. QED induced radiation based on QM having the capability of ionizing natural gas explains the remarkable efficiency in catalytic surfaces comprising iron nanoparticles in a silica matrix is indeed the Holy Grail of catalysis..
3. By QED radiation, conversion efficiency may be significantly improved by flowing natural gas through a cylindrical reactor provided with a removable liner comprising a nanoscale iron coating on a silica substrate, although other more suitable materials may be used. The QED radiation wavelength depending on the thickness of the nano coating may be tailored to excite the desired quantum state of the flowing gas molecules simply by providing a set of liners with differing nano coating thicknesses.
QED Disinfection of China's Water
China’s massive population poses difficult environmental challenges for a nation of some 1.2 billion people. Indeed, water pollution and waste management are among the most pressing issues. Over 3.5 million tons of sewage waste per day requires extensive treatment facilities. Perhaps half of all Chinese — 600 million people—drink water that is contaminated by human waste are subjected to waterborne pathogens and a myriad of human health concerns.
But contaminated drinking water is not unique to China. WHO/UNICEF estimates almost 1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water. Although visitors to China generally do not stay long to expose themselves to health risks from heavy metals, they almost all will meet "La Dudza" - the Chinese version of diarrhea within their first days after arrival.
The WHO estimates that 64% of all premature deaths in China are related to water-borne toxins consumed on a regular basis by a majority of the nation's population that cannot afford bottled water, and even if bottled water is available the consumer at the point of use never knows if it is indeed safe. The most direct disinfection is by boiling at the point of use, but except for water boiling units in restaurants is not available to the individual consumer.
Unfortunately, there are no known low-cost alternatives to purifying water for the individual other than by boiling. Even if tap water becomes drinkable, few people will stop boiling drinking water, a habit that is ubiquitous in China. Alternative water disinfection is desirable.
Currently, LEDs in the UV-C are thought to provide the individual with point of use disinfection of drinking water, but still require a source of electrical power. LEDs stand for light emitting diodes. However, LED’s in the UV-C are limited to EQE of a few percent and not expected to impact the disinfection market until 2017/2018. EQE stands for external quantum efficiency. In contrast, the QED drinking bowl has 100% efficiency, but is limited by low body heat. .
QED induced disinfection of drinking water is a consequence of QM that precludes the atoms in nano-coatings to have the heat capacity to conserve body heat by an increase in temperature. Instead, the heat is induced by QED to produce UV radiation. The US HEW set guidelines for UV light disinfection to require a minimum dose of 16 mJ / cm2 at all points throughout the water disinfection unit, but recently the National Sanitation Foundation International set the minimum UV light requirement at 38 mJ / cm2 for treat visually clear water.
Currently, QED induced disinfection of
drinking water is currently under development. Prototypes comprise a 1
mm thick half-sphere aluminum bowls (100 mm diameter x 50 mm high) that
fit into the palm of one hand as shownin the above figure. Melamine and
glass bowls were considered, but have a low thermal conductivity
compared to aluminum which is important to take advantage of the 12 C
differential between body temperature (32 C) and ambient (20 C).
Moreover, melamine and glass are fragile compared to the ductility of
aluminum to avoid fracture upon accidental dropping. According to QED
theory, a 53 nm ZnO nano-coating consistent having a refractive index of
2.4 therefore converts 100% of body heat 5.71 mW / cm2 to UV-C. See Presentation and Paper.
ICTEA
8th International Conference
on Thermal Engineering
Over the past decade, the ICTEA conference series has provided an opportunity for professional development of scientists and engineers in the Middle East, including the Gulf region and North Africa. Prior conferences were held in Amman, Marakesh, Istanbul, Abu Dhabi, Beirut, and the UAE. It is only fitting the 8th ICTEA conference is being repeated in Amman at the German-Jordanian University. Petra - one of the seven wonders of the world - pictured above is a 3 hour drive from Amman.
Of interest to QED induced EM radiation is the topic of disinfection of drinking water in the developing world. At ICTEA 2015, the status of using body heat to disinfect small quantities of drinking water in a hand-held nano coated half-sphere bowl is presented in relation to other ongoing presentations. The disinfection of the Ebola virus using QED induced UV-C radiation from hand-held zinc oxide nanocoated bowls was presented last month at the at Nanotechnology Conference in Dubai as shown below. Extending the bowls to the disinfection of drinking water was suggested, but the toxicity of zinc leaching into the water was raised. In this regard, simply anodizing the bowls to form an aluminum oxide coating was investigated as an alternative to the zinc oxide coating. Although the operating principle for Ebola is the same as for water disinfection, the instant ICTEA presentation updates the development status from that presented in Dubai. Because of the ongoing development, similar presentations of drinking water disinfection are planned for the WRE and ICPIC conferences in Beijing and Geneva later this year. The decision on the toxicity of zinc or aluminum oxide coating is yet to be made.
See Paper and Presentation
Also, an audio MP3 file of the Presentation may be played, but requires manual synchronization. The discussion following the Presentation is also included in the audio file.
The Ebola virus outbreak is a worldwide concern. the CDC has issued guidelines for how Ebola is to be disinfected in hospital and healthcare centers. CDC stands for Center for Disease Control. Currently, robotic UVGI systems are proposed to decontaminate healthcare facilities. UVGI stands for Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiant. Hospital staff controls the robot, but vacate the room during the application of UVGI light pulses that continue for 5 minutes. Greater flexibility is provided with hand-held UVGI systems that allow mobile and rapid disinfection of Ebola on surfaces and the surrounding air. Electrically powered 400 W hand-held devices producing a blade-like UV-C light beam (50 mm wide x 500 mm high) achieves 99% reduction of the Ebola virus in 5 seconds. Large areas are decontaminated using slow scanning of the UV-C light beam.
The UVGI systems disinfect Ebola including Tuberculosis and Lassa by irradiating surfaces and air using 254 nm UV-C light. But UV-C disinfection may be used for other pathogens, e.g., the CDC states that about 1 in 20 patients have an infection while receiving health care treatment in U.S. hospitals. Disinfecting health care facilities of all pathogens is challenging scientists to develop more advanced technology for better disinfection.
However, the recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa highlights the inability of countries in the developing world to control the spread of the Ebola virus. Indeed, the protocol for Ebola disinfection available in the U.S. is too complex and costly. Simply put, lack of money has hampered healthcare facilities and personnel from controlling the spread of the Ebola virus. In the developing world, robotic and manually operated UVGI systems in the U.S. are simply too costly let alone requiring sources of electricity which are usually not available.
QED induced EM radiation from body heat in hand-held nano-coated bowls called Ebowlas is proposed to provide the UV-C from which the Ebola virus on surfaces or in the air may be disinfected inexpensively without electrical power. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics and EM for electromagnetic. The 80 mm diameter Ebowla forms a cylindrical beam of UV-C light for disinfection. The Protocol is to scan holding the Ebowla in one hand, the details of which are shown in the figure above. In principle, the Ebowla is similar to the recently disclosed hand-held water bowl that uses body heat to kill water borne pathogens in drinking water without See QED induced water purification above
The QED induced UV-C radiation from the Ebowla is especially suited for disinfecting the Ebola virus in the developing world that lacks sources of electricity. Costs are minimal allowing the Ebowla to be distributed to individuals by governments without costs. Moreover, the Ebowla may also be used to disinfect drinking water. But even in the U.S. and the developed world, the Ebowla would allow simple germicidal disinfection for nurses in hospitals or the public in their homes as well as assuring drinking water is free of pathogens. Where drinking water disinfection is not so important, the Ebowla may be replaced with a flat nano-coated surfaces, say carried in the pocket of a nurse or worn as a badge.
Ebola disinfection by QED induced UV-C from body heat using hand-held Ebowlas is new, but not the use of body heat to power electronics. Recently, body heat in holding a flashlight was shown to produce light. Peltier cells were built into the flashlight's casing to absorb body heat from a person's hand. Although QED induced radiation is far more efficient than the Peltier effect, only monochromatic light for a given coating thickness is produced. Therefore, using QED to make, say red flashlights is possible, but not white light comprising a mix of frequencies. Whether the nano-coating thickness can be structured to produce QED induced white light remains to shown.
For details, see Paper , Presentation, and Press Release
Nanotechnology-2015 offers a tremendous opportunity for researchers; practitioners and industrial scientists to represent a diverse multi disciplinary range of sciences to meet and discuss the cutting edge topics of nanotechnology and materials science the research in which they are utilized presently. The congress includes Keynote lectures and invited talks by eminent personalities from around the globe in addition to contributed papers both oral and poster presentations.
Nanotechnology-2015 will focus on many interesting scientific sessions and covers all frontier topics in nanotechnology and materials science. On behalf of Nanotechnology-2015, Scientific Future Group is glad to invite contributions from the enthusiastic scientists to organize International Workshops/Symposiums that are both empirical and conceptual in exploring new dimensions in this field. It is open to all types of research methodologies both from academia and industry. Specifically, how can Nanotechnology disinfect dangerous viruses such as the Ebola virus in West Africa? In this regard, see Abstract/Bibliography and Presentation An MP3 audio file of the PPT presentation may be heard, but you have to synchronize by yourself. Please ignore the problems with the fallen microphone and listen to the audio.
The QCs produce a PL spectrum because the exciton (electron and hole pair) undergoes quantum confinement to its Bohr diameter at that fits inside the QC. PL stands for photoluminescence. Since the QC diameter decreases from the substrate to the tip, the QC may be considered a graded band gap device. The above figure shows a QC with a gradually increasing band gap Eg in terms of the Bohr diameter d depending on the height z from the substrate. The band gap Eg is given, Eg = h2ζ 2m*/(2π2d2), where h = Planck’s constant, ζ = 2.4048, and m* is given by 1 / (m*) =1 / (me*) + 1 / (mh*). Here, me* and mh* are the effective electron and hole masses.
However, there is the QED theory of quantum confinement that also should be consaidered. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics. QED theory is based on the QM interpretation of the atom as a harmonic oscillator that precludes the atoms at the nanoscale from having the heat capacity to conserve EM energy by an increase in temperature. QM stands for quantum mechanics and EM for electromagnetic. See Press Release
The PL mechanism by QED theory claims QCs form as melted silicon flows upward through openings in the nickel layer. However, QM forbids atoms in the QCs to acquire melt temperatures. What this means is the heat in the silicon flowing through the QCs is not conserved by an increase in QC temperature, but rather by QED inducing the creation of EM radiation in the TIR mode in the QC surface. TIR stands for total internal reflection. EM radiation is confined to the circumferential direction the QC surface. The QED radiation created in the QCs has TIR wavelength λ = π d and frequency υ = (c/n)/λ, where c is the velocity of light and n the refractive index of the QC. Hence, the QED radiation creates the excitons that upon recombination emit the PL having Planck energy E = hυ = hc/πnd.
A review shows exciton confinement in a QC based on theory developed for the QD and QW gives vanishingly small Bohr diameters at optical frequencies. Indeed, the peak PL response ( E = 2.9 eV and λ = 430 nm) requires a Bohr diameter d < 1 nm. See Paper, Fig. 1 (b). However, the AFM image above generally shows larger QC diameters, say 150 nm at the base with a height of 50 nm. Hence, PL emission occurs at the very tip of the QCs by the Bohr theory. QED theory differs. Assuming a refractive index n = 4 for silicon, the peak PL emission at λ = 430 nm therefore occurs at a QC diameter d = 34 nm, or at about 11 nm from the QC tip and 39 nm above the substrate.
In summary, quantum confinement by Bohr theory suggests peak PL spectrum emission occurs at the very tip of the QC. But QED theory places the peak PL further away from the tip that appears more consistent with observed QC emissions. Smaller QC diameters are expected for Bohr confinement of the exciton compared to QED because the electron has far lower energy than the photon under TIR confinement. Moreover, QED confinement constrains absorbed EM energy to the well defined surface of the nanostructure, a condition consistent with the high surface to volume ratio of nanostructres. Hence, QED theory avoids the nebulous quantum confinement of the electron in the Bohr theory of the exciton.
Absorption
spectra of gases usually show a symmetric shape about resonance lines.
In 1935, Beutler observed the spectral absorption of some lines of the
noble gases showed sharp asymmetric shapes. Ugo Fano pictured above
proposed the asymmetry was caused by the QM superposition principle. QM
stands for quantum mechanics.
Fano resonance in NS containing a
small number of atoms is analogous to that observed in gases. NS stands
for nanostructures. However, there are problems with the analogy. One
problem is the atoms in NS require a source of auto-ionization such as
UV radiation, but only IR radiation is used in Fano experiments.
Moreover, Fano resonance in NS based on plasmons derived with Maxwell's
equations are questionable because the NS atoms are required to undergo
auto-ionization which is not possible with IR excitation.
Another
problem is how does auto-ionization of NS atoms proceed, as it somehow
does, if only IR radiation is used in Fano experiments. For example, the
application of surface plasmons to the dynamics of a circular disk
inside a ring produces a response of symmetric and asymmetric plasmons
that are thought to combine to produce the asymmetric Fano resonance,
but the source of auto-ionization is not described.
In this
regard, QED induced EM radiation beyond the UV is proposed produced from
IR light. QED is based on the QM interpretation of the atom as a
harmonic oscillator that precludes the atoms at the nanoscale from
having the heat capacity to conserve absorbed EM energy by an increase
in temperature. Maxwell's equations that exclude QM are therefore
invalid in plasmonic simulations in NS. Instead of temperature
increases, QED conserves the EM energy by frequency up-conversion to the
TIR resonance of the NS which in NS is beyond the UV as required for
auto-ionization.
In conclusion, the Fano resonance is the
consequence of QM that precludes the atom from having the heat capacity
to conserve EM energy by an increase in temperature. Instead,
conservation proceeds by the QED induced frequency up-conversion of IR
radiation beyond the UV to auto-ionize the NS atoms - a necessary
condition to observe the Fano resonance.
With the NS atoms
auto-ionized, the NS responds to IR excitation in a symmetric absorption
shape, but interference from quasi-bound states of individual atoms
created by auto-ionization produces the superposed asymmetric Fano
resonance shape.
Plasmon solutions by Maxwell’s equation in NS are not valid by QM and need to be reviewed.
See Press Release and Paper
The 3rd International Conference on Prevention & Infection Control (ICPIC), to be held fin Geneva rom 16 to 19 June 2015. ICPIC provides a unique forum for the exchange of knowledge and experience in the prevention of healthcare-associated infection and control of antimicrobial resistance around the world. Though advances in infection control and prevention are being made, antimicrobial resistance persists as a global threat confronting all countries alike.
Of particular ICPIC interest is the recent disinfection of the Ebola virus in West Africa including the long-standing problem of the disinfection of water borne pathogens in drinking water common throughout the world, especially in China and India.
In this regard, QED induced disinfection is proposed to provide people in the developing world with a means to disinfect both the Ebola virus and drinking water themselves using UV-C radiation from hand-held nano-coated bowls powered only by body heat. Electricity or batteries are not required.
At first, the notion of QED disinfection of the Ebola virus and water borne pathogens from drinking water using body heat without electricity may appear absurd, as we normally think adding heat to anything causes its temperature to increase. But Einstein once said:
“If at first, the idea is not absurd, then there is no hope for it. Innovation is not the product of logical thought, although the result is tied to logical structure.”
The ICPIC Innovation Academy allows investigators to participate in a forum which brings together innovations in the practice of infection control. Innovation stems from Latin - innovatus - which requires a new way of applying discovery. Unlike classical physics, QED disinfection is based on quantum mechanics that precludes body heat from being conserved by increasing the temperature in nanoscale coatings because the heat capacity of the atom vanishes. In contrast, classical physics allows the temperature to increase in nanoscale coatings as the atom is erroneously assumed to always have heat capacity. By quantum mechanics, conservation of body heat proceeds by the emission of non-thermal EM radiation. Proper selection of the nanocoating material and thickness allows the EM emission to be tuned to the UV-C where almost all infectious viruses may be disinfected. See ICPIC Abstract, Presentation, Poster and Passout A MP3 audio file of the presentation is available, but has to be synchronized to the PPT by the user.
Generally, ICPIC 2015 emphasized hand washing as the means of avoiding Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI). However, HAI cannot be avoided unless hand washing is performed every time a hospital surface is touched - a totally unacceptable procedure. However, HAI may be avoided by simply molding disposable nitrile rubber gloves with a low concentration of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), Similar to ZnO nano-coated bowls, QED induces the emission of UV-C radiation from the NPs upon absorption of body heat from the fingers in the gloves. See PressRelease
The discovery of exoplanets orbiting the distant star HR8799 supports the theory that exoplanets surround other stars in the Universe consistent with the planets that orbit our sun. See AJ paper. But the HR8799 System differs from our solar system as HR8799 is: (1) a young star containing large amounts of dust haloes not present in our solar system, and (2) emits UV radiation 3 orders of magnitude higher than our sun. But dust is a problem because even in the interstellar medium, far smaller quantities of dust affect all astronomical measurements of redshift, e.g., the Hubble redshift in an expanding Universe central to cosmology. In fact, dust requires requires corrections to measured Z to determine Hubble Z using the difference between the redshift of Lyman-alpha and H-alpha lines.
Zcorrection = (Z Lyman-alpha -Z H-alpha)
ZHubble = Zmeas - Zcorrection
If Z correction = 0, Z Hubble = Zmeas. But if Zcorrection > 0, ZHubble < Zmeas. Details are given in APRIM 2014 Cosmology and Cosmic Dust, 2014. For convenience, the APRIM paper may be opened here.
Extensions of redshift by dust between a receding galaxy and the Earth may be made to the effect of dust in the measurement of IR spectra from the location of a perceived exoplanet and the star by assuming all the redshift occurs in the dust. However, the question is:
Whether the dust debris of distant solar systems confounds IR spectra measurements to question the claimed discovery of exoplanets?
In the HR8799 system, four planets were claimed discovered based on IR spectroscopic measurements in the wavelength range from 995 to 1769 nm. Molecular lines of common gases found in the atmospheres of planets in our solar system were used including ammonia, acetylene, methane, and carbon dioxide. However, the IR spectra of HR8799 showed anomalies that suggest the spectra are not produced by molecules on the planets. What this means is the IR spectra taken as proof of the discovery of the exoplanets is questionable. For details, see PressRelease
Briefly, the IR spectra of HR8799 are not produced by molecular lines of common gases, but rather ny the QED induced redshift of UV radiation (Lyman-alpha) photons in dust NPs the of debris haloes. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics and NPs for nanoparticles. The consequence of QED radiation is the molecules thought measured by IR spectroscopy are in fact redshifted Lyman-alpha photons having a wavelength depending on the size distribution of the dust NPs between the perceived location of the planet and HR8799.
What this means is exoplanets orbiting a distant star may exist, but any discovery cannot be proven using the IR spectra of common planetary gases. Young stars like HR8799 emit Lyman-alpha radiation that is absorbed in dust NPs of debris disks to produce IR spectra that could falsely be interpreted as proof of an exoplanet discovery - when in fact the IR spectra is an artifact of dust and the exoplanet does not exist.
QED induced EM radiation in cosmic dust NPs is proposed as the mechanism by which both AME and Hubble redshift may be used to asess an expanding Universe. QED radiation is a consequence of QM that denies the atoms in NPs under TIR confinement to have the heat capacity to allow increases in NP temperature upon absorbing galaxy light.
In AME and Hubble redshift, the only galaxy light considered is single Lyα photons absorbed in spherical dust NPs of amorphous silicon. Ly stands for Lyman. Since NPs have high surface to volume ratios, the absorbed Lyα photon is induced by QED to be totally confined by TIR to the NP surface. Hence, the TIR wavelength of the QED induced photon is the NP circumference 2π a n, where a and n are the NP radius and refractive index. See Korean Paper However, the QED response of the NP to AME produced by the Lyα photon depends on its size, the maximum diameter 2a < 1 micron. In small NPs with a < 0.04 micron, the Lyα photon is conserved by spinning the NP, the dipole moments of which producing the AME; whereas, the larger NPs having a > 0.04 micron redshift the Lyα photon to produce VIS and near IR light. The AME frequency and Hubble redshift wavelengths in relation to the dust radius in the figure above.
In QED redshift, NPs for a > 0.040 microns absorb single Lyα photons, i.e., blueshift requiring greater EM energy than that of the Lya photon cannot occur as the conservation of energy would be violated. The QED induced redshift Z in dust is, Z = ( λ - λ* ) / λ*, where λ and λ* are the wavelengths of the QED redshifted and Lyα photons. For a < 0.5 microns, the figure shows the redshifted wavelength 0.376 microns begins at NP radius a = 0.04 microns in the VIS to 5.7 microns in the IR. Larger NPs > 1 micron are required to produce QED induced UIR bands, but heating of NPs and PAH to produce IR emissions is precluded by QM. UIR stands for unidentified infrared and PAH for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
With regard to AME based on classical physics, the absorbed Lya photon is dissipated by an increase in temperature, see e.g. Paper But temperature increases are forbidden by QM. Hence, the absorbed Lyα photon can only be conserved in the TIR mode of the NP. Since blueshift cannot occur, and since the TIR mode is tangential to the surface of the NP, the Lyα photon naturally produces circularly polarized light around the NP to exert a torqueon the NP. Hence, the the Lyα photon energy is conserved by the kinetic energy of spinning NP. Circularly polarized light in NPs is illustrated below by the E-field rotating normal to the NP surface upon Lyα photon absorption.
In summary, current AME mechanisms that excite NP rotation by IR emission from increased temperatures upon UV absorption cannot be valid by QM. Similarly, the UIR bands thought formed by increased temperatures of PAH molecules are not valid.
Further, the AME is most likely caused by dust not as a relic of gravitational waves in an expanding Universe following the Big Bang. The CMB spectrum therefore can only be caused by thermal blackbody radiation from a static Universe reaching an equilibrium temperature of 2.726 K over an infinitely long time.
See Paper and Press Release
However, controversy surrounds how the Covetics bond forms with the metal. During thermal processing of Covetics, a known amount of carbon is added to the molten metal. Upon solidification, Covetics samples are taken from which the carbon bonded to the metal is thought given by the difference between the carbon added and that combusted by the LECO method. In LECO, a sample is heated in oxygen to 1500 C and the carbon content inferred from the CO2 produced by the chemical reaction with oxygen by infrared absorption spectrometry.
But the bonding of carbon NPs to aluminum is questionable as the Covetics is observed to not change contrary to the law of mixtures that predicts ~10 % reduction in density. See above micrograph of carbon NPs in fracture surface of 6061 aluminum. A similar problem on density was found for copper. Moreover, the activation energy for the formation of the Covetics bond based on DFT has failed to show stable carbon-metal configurations. DFT stands for density functional theory. Both the law of mixtures and DFT suggest bonding of carbon to the metal lattice cannot be the Covetics mechanism.
For details, see Paper and Press Release
Conclusions are:
1. Covetics by QED radiation depends on whether the carbons added to the melt are nano or microcarbons. In Al Covetics, adding NPs at ambient temperature enhances the yield strength by QED stiffening of the lattice, but NPs remain in the lattice. See QED stiffening of silver nanorods.
But in Cu Covetics, micron sized particles of activated carbon acquire the melt temperature and by combustion reduce in size to become NPs. But unlike Al NPs added at ambient temperature, Cu NPs at melt temperatures promply combust. Absent NPs, there is no enhanced yield of the Cu Covetic by QED stiffening. For microcarbons, only carbon bonding may enhance the yield. Regardless, tensile tests are required to support claims of yield enhancement in Covetics
2. The failure of DFT to find stable metal-carbon atomic binding configurations and the lower density expected from the law of mixtures is consistent with the missing carbon inferred from LECO being combusted in thermal processing compared to the less favorable formation of carbon bonding to the metal lattice.
3. Covetic nanoscale films do not show NPs as the microcarbons are most likely toyallly combusted in thermal processing.
Science reported genomic changes occur in an organ simply by chance
during DNA replication rather than as traditionally thought by
carcinogens. Paper
The study showed that although melanocytes and basal epidermal cells of
the skin are both exposed to the same dose of UV from solar radiation,
melanomas are much less common than basal cell carcinomas because the
larger number of basal epidermal cells undergo a higher number of
divisions than melanocytes.
However, not all agreed. The contrarian argument
may be made that cancer need not be proportional to the number of
replications that the DNA undergoes, but by carcinogens that damage the
DNA independent of replications.
But cancer riusk by chance is not necessary as there is a causal explanation:
Melanosomes
that form in the melanocytes contain melanin granule NPs that emit UV
radiation causing DNA damage that leads to mostly basal cell carcinomas
with few melanomas. NPs stands for nanoparticles.
Indeed,
it widely known the antimicrobial action of NPs is caused by damaging
the DNA of bacteria, but by the same reason NPs also damage human DNA,
that if not repaired, may lead to cancer. The human body naturally
creates NPs that may damage the DNA, e.g., the breakdown of epithelial tissue which produces NPs associated with the spread of tumors.
With
melanin NPs, the cancer risk byUV radiation is depicted in the figure.
Melanocyte cells located in the basal layer of the dermis have dendrite
structures that penetrate into the lower epidermis. Melanosones having
sizes of about 1 micron formed within the melanocytes pass through the
outer tips of the dendrites into the dermis. Removed from melanocytes,
the melanosomes are collections of < 100 nm melanin granule NPs.
By
QED induced EM radiation, the melanin NPs absorbing heat from the
thermal surroundings cannot increase in temperature because of quantum
mechanics. Provided the refractive index of the NP is greater than that
of the cellular surroundings, the heat is conserved by QED inducing the
melanin NPs to emit UV radiation, a condition that is satisfied for 30
nm melanin NPs having an index of 1.7 while that of the surroundings is
1.35. Paper
In this way, the emission of UV radiation from the melanin NPs damages
the DNA in both melanocytes and basal cells. But because of the small
number of melanocytes in the basal layer, most DNA damage caused by the
UV radiation from the melanin NPs occurs in the basal cells with little,
if any DNA damage in the melanocytes. Basal cell carcinoma is therefore
far more common than melanoma.
Cancer risk may not be a matter
of chance or bad luck. Rather, cancer may be caused solely by DNA
damage from QED induced UV radiation in NPs. Setting aside DNA damage by
chemicals, the hypothesis may be made that UV radiation from melanin
NPs in melanocytes is the sole cause of cancers because of the DNA
damage in surrounding tissue. But the NPs need not be limited to melanin
- all biological and man-made NPs damage the DNA, e.g., the nicotine
NPs that enter lung tissue by smoking. A literature review of cancer
risk based on the presence of < 100 nm NPs in all cancers is required
to further assess this hypothesis.
However, Big Bang theory was recently questioned by replacing classical geodesics with quantum trajectories. Quantum-corrected Friedmann equations derived within the context of general relativity showed the singularity of the Big Bang does not exist. The quantum corrections can be thought of as a cosmological constant term without the need for dark matter and energy. The Universe is assumed filled with gravitons — hypothetical massless particles that mediate the force of gravity, but if gravitons do exist have been shown to form a Bose-Einstein condensate at any Universe temperature, otherwise thought to require the high temperatures of the Big Bang.
Quantum trajectory theory like the Big Bang is a still a theory. Experiments are required to show the existence of the graviton, but like the Higgs boson in Big Bang theory, the existence of the graviton has not been verified. Regardless, quantum trajectory theory lacking dark matter and energy leading to a static Universe is contradicted by Hubble redshift based on the Doppler Effect that shows the Universe is expanding.
What this means is Quantum theory can only be valid if Hubble redshift is replaced by a non-Doppler redshift that may be verified by experiment
QED induced redshift in cosmic dust NPs is proposed as the non-Doppler redshift to replace Hubble redshift by which the Quantum theory may avoid dark matter and energy consistent with a static Universe. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics and NPs for nanoparticles. But this does not mean the Universe is expanding as QED redshift by replacing Hubble redshift also leads to a static Universe. Unlike Quantum and Big Bang theories, QED redshift of galaxy light in NPs may readily be confirmed in laboratory experiments.
QED redshift is a consequence of QM that denies the atoms in NPs under TIR confinement the heat capacity to allow changes in temperature upon absorbing galaxy light. QM stands for quantum mechanics and TIR for total internal reflection. An expanding Universe has been questioned because of cosmic dust exaggerating Hubble redshift measurements of distant galaxies by the Doppler Effect. See Press Release
Today, astronomy relies on classical heat transfer to explain how NPs absorbing single galaxy photons increase in temperature to produce the observed IR spectra in the Universe. But QM differs. Since the NP temperatures cannot change by QM, the absorbed galaxy photon may only be conserved by QED creating a redshift photon inside the NP having Planck energy E = hf, where h and f are Planck’s constant and the TIR frequency of the NP. Since NPs have high surface to volume ratios, almost all of the galaxy photon energy directly excites its TIR mode. In effect, TIR confines the absorbed energy to the ND surface having wavelength given by its circumference, i.e., the TIR frequency f = c / λ , where c is the velocity of light and λ = 2Π a n. Here, n and a are the refractive index and radius of the NP. What this means is QM requires the galaxy photon to be conserved without an increase in NP temperature by the creation of QED radiation at the TIR frequency f of the NP that is then emitted as a redshift photon. See Paper
In conclusion, Big Bang theory relies on Hubble redshift of galaxy light by the Doppler Effect as proof of Universe expansion, but requires verification of the Higgs boson or the presence of dark matter and energy.
Quantum theory based on trajectories instead of classical geodesics mediated by gravitons leads to a static Universe without the need for dark matter and energy, but Hubble redshift is required to be replaced by QED redshift in cosmic dust.
But if QED redshift in dust replaces Hubble redshift, the expanding Universe of Big Bang theory like Quantum theory leads to a static Universe
Unlike Big Bang and Quantum theories, QED redshift in cosmic dust is readily verified by experiment. Hence, QED redshift in cosmic dust proves the Universe is static and clearly not expanding
AMPs are thought to disinfect bacteria by disrupting cell membrane integrity, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. AMPs stand for anti-microbial peptides. Generally, AMPs are considered cationic and carry a positive charge that ensures Coulomb attraction to the negatively charged cell membrane. Upon docking, AMPs form pores by burrowing into the cell interior to lyse bacteria, but how cationic charge is maintained during burrowing is not explained. However, AMPs forming pores in the cell wall are not the only mechanism by which bacteria may be disinfected. Indeed, one third of the total proteins of a bacterial cell are associated with the membrane and have many functions that are critical to the cell including active transport of nutrients, respiration, proton motive force, ATP generation, and intercellular communication, all of which can be altered with AMPs even if complete cell lysis does not occur. Therefore, the killing effect of AMPs may not come from membrane disruption alone, but also depends on complex inhibition of protein functions.
Given that AMPs induce lysis for different cell types and diverse bacteria other than by disrupting membrane integrity, AMPs disinfection and inhibition of complex protein function can only be caused by a common and more fundamental disinfection mechanism for all organisms.
On this basis, AMPs are proposed to produce QED induced EM radiation upon self-assembly of helical peptides into annular shaped cylindrical NPs. Depending on the size of the NPs, the QED induced EM radiation varies from the UV to the EUV thereby identifying ionizing EM radiation as the fundamental AMPs mechanism underlying the disinfection of all organisms UV and EUV stand for ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet radiation.
The QED embodiment of AMPs disinfection is shown above. Helical peptide monomers self-assemble into cylindrical shaped NPs of annular cross-section to disinfect by QED inducing NPs to produce a continuous source of EM radiation from the thermal surroundings. Large NPs < 100 nm produce UV radiation while EUV radiation is produced in small < 20 nm NPs. In AMPs, the positive charged peptide NPs are electrostatically attracted to the negative charged cell membrane. The NPs may dock parallel or perpendicular to the cell membrane, the EM radiation providing the energy for either orientation to burrow through the membrane wall. Like AMPs, NPs of anti-microbial silver also disinfect bacteria. Indeed, DNA damage from man-made < 100 nm NPs have been experimentally known for decades, and if not repaired, may lead to cancer. See PressRelease
In summary, QED radiation is produced as annular shaped NPs absorb thermal energy from body fluids. Since QM precludes atoms in NPs from having heat capacity, absorbed thermal energy cannot be conserved by the usual increase in temperature. QM stands for quantum mechanics. But NPs have high surface to volume ratios, and therefore the absorbed thermal energy is confined to the NP surfaces. Spontaneously, QED converts the confined EM energy into standing wave radiation within the NP having wavelength λ = 2 nd, where n and d are the NP refractive index and diameter. Since the standing QED radiation is created from the absorbed thermal energy confined in the NP surfaces, the EM confinement vanishes allowing the standing QED radiation to momentarily function as an absorbed pulse of EM adiation pulse that charges the NP, and if not, is lost to the surroundings. AMPs therefore burrow by the ionizing EM radiaiton fragmenting small amounts of the membrane at a time, the ionizing EUV radiation thereafter lysing the bacteria by scrambling the DNA to preclude reproduction. However, AMP disinfection by EM radiation like that with man-made NPs also damages the DNA. Disinfection by AMPs therefore carries the disadvantage of possibly causing cancer See PressRelease
Recently, Physics Today reported treating living plants with
solutions of CNTs significantly increased the electrical response of
living plants to air temperatures. CNTs stand for carbon nanotubes. The
CNTs were non-modified type 3100 Multi Walled from Nanocyl having a
typical diameter of 10 nm and length > 100 nm. Although living plants
are known sensitive to changes in air temperature by increased
electrical conductivity, the sensitivity disappears when the plant dies.
However, CNT treated plants were found to retain electrical
conductivity sensitivity to Ca2+ ions after dying, the CNT composite
called Cyberwood. See Paper Giant TCRs of 1750 % K-1 were reported for Cyberwood which is significant as the highest known TCR occurs for vanadium oxide having a TCR of about 6 % K-1.
TCR stands for thermal coefficient of resistance. However, the TCR
for Cyberwood may be overstated as Joule heat dissipated in the sample
may increase the sample temperature thereby explaining the giant TCR by
the increased number of Ca2+ ions released above that by air temperature
alone. See Press Release
Cyberwood may also find application as a temperature distance sensor as shown in the
thumbnail. At each position, the body heat of the hand was
held for 30 s and then rapidly moved away. The current measured across
the sample ramped to a different value and then decreased to a reference
value corresponding to a temperature of 23 °C. The TCR for Cyberwood
as a distance sensor is estimated as follows.
The voltage V
across the sensor is constant, and therefore the current I is related to
the resistance R by, I =V/R, or ΔI/Io = - ΔR/Ro. Here, Io
and Ro are the initial current and resistance of the sensor. For the
first current spike shown in the thumbnail, ΔI/Io ≈ - 0.02, and
therefore ΔR/Ro = - 0.02. Now, the TCR = (ΔR/Ro)/ΔT K-1,
where ΔT is the change in sensor temperature. For the adult human, the
body heat Q is, Q ≈ 6 mW/cm2. The Cyberwood sensor is 1 cm x 2 cm x 3 mm
with the area A = 2 cm2 exposed to body heat Q. The thermal
energy U deposited in the sensor is, U = QAt, where t is the exposure
time, i.e., for t = 30 s, U = 0.36 J. The sensor temperature change ΔT
is, ΔT = U/ρvC, where ρ = 1000 kg/m3, v = 6x10-7 m3, and C = 2500 J/kg/K giving the ΔT = 0.24 K. Hence, the TCR = 0.083 K-1 = 8.3 % K-1.
Although the TCR increases with the current peaks increase, the TCR of 8.3 % K-1 is far less than the 1750 % K-1 reported for Cyberwood and closer to the TCR of 6 % K-1 for vanadium oxide. Cyberwood does perform as a tmperature- distance snsor, but he TCR is modestly lower. See Paper
China’s massive population poses difficult environmental challenges for a nation of some 1.2 billion people. Indeed, water pollution and waste management are among the most pressing issues. Over 3.5 million tons of sewage waste per day require extensive treatment facilities, but are not available. Perhaps half of all Chinese — 600 million people—drink water that is contaminated by human waste. But contaminated drinking water is not unique to China. The WHO estimates almost 1 billion people in Africa and India do not have access to safe drinking water. Bottled water, even if inexpensive is not always available. World-wide, boiling water is commonly used to deactivate all waterborne patho-gens, including cysts such as cryptosporidium resistant to chemical disinfection. In China, disinfection by boiling water is ubiquitous. Restaurants disinfect large quantities of water in electrically powered boilers. But for the individual, boiling small quantities of water is not always convenient and requires a source of electricity. Similarly, LEDs require electricity, but in the UV-C necessary for disinfection have efficiencies of only 1 to 3 %. LED stands for light emitting diodes and UV-C for ultraviolet radiation at 254 nm. In this arrangement, QED induced UV-C radiation of small quantities of water in hand-held nano-coated bowls is proposed to allow the individual himself to disinfect his drinking water using body heat alone. Unlike LEDs, QED is 100% efficient and electrical power is not needed. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics. QED disinfection is a consequence of quantum mechanics that forbids the atoms under EM confinement inherent in the nano-coating from having the heat capacity to conserve absorbed EM energy by an increase in temperature. By selecting the proper coating thickness, the heat from the hand is conserved by QED inducing 100% conversion to UV-C radiation, the wavelength of which is 2 nd, where, n and d are the refractive index and thickness of the coating, e.g., UV-C radiation is produced in a ZnO coating having n = 2.5 and d = 50 nm. Since the body heat supplied by the hand is about 6 mW/cm2, the recommendation is to hold the water in the bowl for at least 10 seconds before drinking. Prototypes are presented and collaborative development effort and funding is solicited. See Presentation
An audio MP3 file is available of the presentation including the discussion with attendees, the clarification of which is briefly described, i.e., a large number of molecules in a macroscopic balloon under EM confinement at long wavelengths obey classical physics and increase in temperature consistent with statistical mechanics. But if the balloon is nanoscopic, QM prevails because the molecules under the short EM confinement lack the heat capacity to change in temperature. QM stands for quantum mechanics. Indeed, the perfect gas law is not valid in nanoscopic balloons. Also, applying a temperature to a nanocoating does not produce a temperature gradient because the atoms under the short EM confinement of the coating cannot increase the temperature by QM. Instead, the atoms in the coating produce QED radiation that charges the coating or is lost to the surroundings.
Biography
Thomas Prevenslik is a retired American living in Hong Kong and Berlin. He spent most of his career in the USA performing classical ANSYS and NASTRAN computer simulations of optical telescopes at Owens-Illinois and nuclear reactors at Westinghouse. Because classical physics cannot explain experimental observations at the nanoscale, he developed the theory of QED radiation based on quantum mechanics. By this theory, nanostructures having high surface to volume ratios confine absorbed EM energy to surfaces thereby providing high frequency EM confinement of interposed atoms that by the Planck law requires their heat capacity to vanish. In contrast, classical physics assumes the atom has the same heat capacity at the nanoscale as at the macroscale. By quantum mechanics requiring a vanishing heat capacity, conservation of absorbed EM energy therefore cannot proceed by an increase in temperature, and instead proceeds by QED creating EM radiation inside the nanostructure that charges the atoms, and if not, is emitted to the surroundings. QED radiation is applicable to diverse areas of nanotechnology including cancer research, molecular dynamics, cosmology, and the instant topic of disinfection of drinking water in China.